My paper entitled “Seeing Khaki: Emergency Powers, the Military and COVID 19 Pandemic Response in the Philippines” was part of the panel The Force Fights COVID, which also features another paper on the Israeli case by Dr. Uzi Ben Shalom and Dr. Eyal Ben-ari. Both papers dealt with the complexity of the pandemic response at the local level, involving civilian and military agents and the mechanisms for both to work together. There are plenty of comparative elements between the two cases, namely: (1) the type of military deployed for the local response; (2) the pre-existing (or none) civil-military coordinative mechanisms; (3) nature of tasks; (4) whether the military is lead or support in these missions; and (5) local capacity and resources. For Israel, local reserves were deployed under a pre-existing Liaising Unit for Local Authorities (LUCA), while in the Philippines, those deployed in Cebu and Metro Manila were regular forces under a pre-existing Joint Task Force. In Israel, there is a Home Front Command which addresses concerns related to helping communities that suffer from missile attacks (LUCA); the Philippines has no dedicated unit, although domestically deployed troops mainly for counterinsurgency also have Disaster Relief Units (DRU) which can be pulled out for emergency situation. The Israel set-up enabled quick support to civilian authorities, largely because the mechanisms were already in place parallel to extending aid in the case of missile attacks. The Philippine military deployment for COVID, by comparison, was in support of the police and was framed as enforcement of the lockdown effected for Cebu and Metro Manila. The Israeli case point to temporality of the pandemic mission and how the nature of civil-military engagement evolved, fragmented and reconfigured according to the waves of infections. The local authority remained central in piecing together entities based on capacities and resources they bring to the table. The deployed military brought methods of control, communication structures, organized and disciplined personnel. There were multiple communication structures brought about by organizational bonds or special personal networks; diverse means of working together (ad hoc guidelines, representation system, practices and routines, meetings) and swift trust among the agents based on mutual recognition of professional competence and integrity. The Philippine pandemic response and military utilization, by contrast, was very much centralized and top down. The President, using emergency powers, ordered the deployment for lockdown enforcement, with the national Task Force providing the tasks and mechanisms (security cluster). Unlike the Israeli case, the Philippine military’s mission was to support the police (not the civilian authorities) although their tasks eventually was expanded by helping local governments enforce their own measures, e.g., curfew, liquor ban. Civil-military relations therefore in the context of the Philippine pandemic response was mediated by local government imperatives with some level of trust between local government officials (only in Metro Manila) and the military owing to prior engagements such as the annual Feast of the Nazarene Operations and disaster response.

Among the most interesting presentations I attended include that of Lindsay Cohen on the factors (legal framework, military role conception, partisan character of the unrest, etc.) behind the domestic deployment of the US military. She argues that the legal framework for utilizing the US forces (federal troops) is generally permissive, with authority moving from the legislature to the President and the Defense Secretary who exercise broad discretion whether or not to use, to what extend and to which the forces can be used. These domestic deployments in turn make the military more visible and public opinion on this matter improved. There had been few episodes of pushback from the public and Congress, e.g., investigation on abuses committed by the military. Another set of interesting presentations came from the Diversity panel, particularly from Jill Rough and Jud Crane on the evolving warrior concept, and by Nicholas Mararac on leadership styles by US LGBT naval officers. Rough and Crane argue that warrior concept in the US Military is linked to issues of integration as the force recruits from minority groups (blacks, women and other non-whites), as well as to readiness and effectiveness. Warrior notions have been semantically associated with the job and proximate location to the enemy force, and increasingly drawing the line between elite and regular personnel. Terms like combat, combat arms, combat zones, combat action also are linked to disability access (as defined by the Defense Department). Mararac’s presentation relatives the narratives/stories of LGBT officers as a window to different leadership style (nonheterosexual conforming, non-masculine). His findings point to (a) small “l” notions of leadership by the naval officers that is more intimately linked to their expertise (based on their rank) and legitimacy (approval by everyone else lower in rank and by their superior officer) ; (2) that the officers’ discourse are more relationship than self-oriented. I specially liked the way Mararac encapsulated the key take away in the presentation title: I have the deck.

The IUS conference was one of the first face-to-face conference I have attended amidst this pandemic. It was not as well attended compared to previous years. There were many no-shows in the panel, particularly by foreign scholars given the pandemic-related travel restrictions in place in their country of origin.

The post Type VII: For the Promotion of Young Researchers’ International Exchange first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Segawa Hiromi (Kyoto University, Kokoro Research Center)

Outline of Research

This study examines cultural differences vis-a-vis views of health and happiness and the impact to healthcare resource allocation. It compares the relationship between views of health and well-being and the allocation of resources for medical, health, and welfare from multiple perspectives in three countries: the Kingdom of Bhutan, which espouses the philosophy of Gross National Happiness, the United States of America, a democratic country where a universal health insurance system remains contentious, and Japan. By reviewing existing literature, the study further deepens our understanding of cultural differences gained through field research and practical experience in community healthcare in Bhutan and Japan.

Description

The aim of this study is to examine cultural differences vis-a-vis health and happiness from the perspective of healthcare resource allocation.

Values about the health and well-being of individuals and society as a whole are very important when considering a country’s medical healthcare system and welfare policies. How are these related and what factors influence the subjectivity? To answer these questions, ultural differences in the historical, geographical, and political contexts of three countries will be examined in the literature. Although research on the views of happiness and health has been conducted in many fields, such as psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology, few studies have investigated the relationship between these views and the allocation of medical and health welfare resources. The novelty of this research project is that it reconsiders previous studies and essays about the concept of well-being vis-a-vis the allocation of medical and health welfare resources. While nobody would disagree that as a human society, as a nation, as a community, and as individuals, we should aim for people’s happiness and health, how to achieve this is not so clear. This study will allow us to understand the characteristics of each country in depth in order develop medical, health, and welfare policies that can better contribute to people’s well-being.

A part of References

Kamo river on the way to Kyoto University

The post VI-6. “Differing views of happiness and health and their impact on the allocation of medical, health, and welfare resources: A comparative study” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Kambara Kentaro (Kyoto University, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies)

Outline of Research

How have Islamic financial services contributed to production activities in Malaysia? Why do Malaysian people prefer Islamic finance to conventional finance?

This research elucidates the dynamics of Islamic finance-oriented growth of the Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia through an analysis of Islamic finance. To achieve this goal, this research verifies the hypothesis that Malaysia’s Islamic finance functions as an incentive to promote domestic SMEs’ activities. Specifically, this research focuses on two points about Islamic finance: (I) policy making and evaluation considering the significance of SMEs, and (II) the lending operations with an emphasis on the promotion of SMEs.

Description

Islamic finance that complies with Islamic law (Sharia) was first introduced in Malaysia in the 1960s and has been evolving since then. Development plans and policies have expected the Islamic financial system to greatly benefit the Malaysian socio-economy, including small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which account for most of all enterprises and greatly contribute to employment in Malaysia.

The purpose of this research is to verify the hypothesis that Islamic finance provides incentives for Malaysian SMEs. In addition, this research attempts to clarify how Malaysian policies on Islamic finance for SMEs have been made.

Previous studies have found that Islamic banks in Malaysia have not adequately contributed to domestic production activities. However, this research will shed light on Islamic finance as production finance. Furthermore, Islamic finance and halal businesses working as Islamic economic systems have often been analyzed independently in previous research, but this study considers them in an integrated manner. In these respects, this study is significant to Islamic economic research in Southeast Asia.

This research can have the following expected results. First, comparing the features of Islamic economic institutions and services in Malaysia to those in other countries or regions, such as in the Middle East and Africa, will clarify the unique characteristics of Malaysia’s Islamic finance. Second, the study will promote understanding of diversity in Southeast Asia’s economy. This research focuses on Islamic values in Malaysia as well as the actual situation in the economic field, thus promoting understanding of the dynamics of Southeast Asian economies and societies. Third, this research can provide new insights into conventional financing, which has been challenging for SMEs. Based on these, it will present a new value standard for the theory and practice of SME finance through consideration of finance and industrial promotion based on Islamic values.

Presentation in Study Group on Political and Social Comparison in Modern Middle Eastern Countries (September 16th, 2021)

Advertisement of Islamic collateral loan (ArRahnu) in front of Pos Malaysia in Kota Bharu, Kelantan in Malaysia (August 2015)

The post VI-5. “Islamic SME Finance and Real Economy in Malaysia” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Nishio Zenta (Kyoto University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies)

Outline of Research

This study attempts to determine the necessary conditions for turning toward a “vernacular publicness” in the social context of the Philippines, where the precariousness of life is becoming more serious. Rather than retreat from the concept of communality, the study seeks to identify how to build upon the communality inherent in societies to establish publicness in contemporary society. By critically reexamining the social relations that have been used as explanations of community in previous studies, this study reimagines publicness through a vernacular lens.

Description

Publicness is a platform in which everyone can share and discuss new issues and interests and it is therefore a first step toward realizing rights. For this to happen, we need to appear in the public arena and give everyone a voice. In a community of acquaintances, relationships exist, but in today’s society, when we turn around, we are living with strangers. In such a situation, publicness is essential.

This study does not apply the Western concept of publicness to the Philippines, but rather clarifies the forms of social relations that make publicness work in the Philippines, and how those relations have been transformed in cities. Numerous previous studies encourage the cultivation of “civil society” and the Western model of publicness, discussing the target society as lacking or deficient from a Western perspective. Others deny the existence of publicness in cases where people adhere to vernacular community. In this study, we argue that vernacular publicness has been and is being created through the transformation of rural communal social relations that were brought to cities as people moved.

Discussion of relationships and values as a means of understanding society has been criticized, but they continue to be cited as a means of understanding contemporary Philippine society. Many previous studies have introduced concepts that reflect their particular times and come from the contexts and settings of rural and indigenous societies. These concepts based on a particular group of people have been taken out of their original context and quoted in various studies, thus spreading and becoming accepted as if they are applicable to the Philippines as a whole. In order to understand the Philippines, which has become one of the world’s leading migrant sending countries, it is necessary to critically examine existing studies to see if these terms can and should be used for the same meaning as their original usage.

The results of this study are expected to capture the publicness that is the basis of political solidarity and social movements from the case of the Philippines. It will thereby contribute to the theory of publicness more broadly across the Global South, which is experiencing social transformations associated with the spread of neoliberalism.

A strike by jeepney (minibus) drivers. An example of vernacular publicness.

Back issues of the Philippine Free Press. It is often referred to Philippine study when placing social events in context. Collection of the Library of the Center for Southeast Asian Area Studies.

The post VI-4. “Toward An Anthropological Theory for Vernacular Publicness: Rethinking from Social Relationship in the Philippines” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Sugino Yoshimi (Kyoto University, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies)

Outline of Research

This study compares how medicinal plants have been a part of people’s daily life and healthcare in areas near the former royal capitals of Indonesia and Japan, and traces how their usage has transitioned over time. In Indonesia, use of the traditional herbal medicine jamu spread from the former Mataram Kingdom in Java to ordinary people. In Japan, the former capital and cultural center of Kyoto has also influenced the development of traditional medicine. Today, holistic health care is being reappraised to mitigate increasing chronic diseases and mental disorders. This study conducts a literature review and fieldwork to explore and compare the influence of the respective royal capitals on the modern use of medicinal plants.

Description

This study investigates how the exsistence of royal capitals has influenced the usage of medicinal plants to this day in both Japan and Indonesia. Despite their environmental differences, both countries had medicinal plant production areas near their former royal capitals. This study explores the universality, similarity, and regional peculiarity of the two countries.

Using both a literature review and fieldwork, the study will elucidate how traditional and folk medicine and medicinal plants have been used and how suppliers, users, and policy makers have interacted with each other, focusing on the role of the royal capitals in the usage and spread of medicinal plants. The study compares Japan, where a reassessment of alternative medicine is underway amid mainstream use of modern medicine, with Indonesia, where traditional and folk medicines continue to play important roles as modern medicine becomes mainstream and a universal insurance system is being initiated.

We expect the study to provide insights into and a reevaluation of traditional and folk medicine and medicinal plants, and how they will be able to contribute, along with modern medicine, to community health in the future. This research offers a valuable case study of traditional and folk medicine and medicinal plant usage to this day, thus providing a practical study for community health in both countries. Its comparative analysis will also contribute a meaningful case study to the field of area studies.

Jamu beverage (in a glass center of the photo) sold at a stall in the Royal Palace of Mangkunegaran, Indonesia (Photo by Yoshimi Sugino, August 2019)

Medicinal herbs from Mt. Ibuki used as herbal bath and herbal tea.(Photo by Yoshimi Sugino, October 2020, at Mt. Ibuki Culture Museum, Shiga Japan)

The post VI-3. “Comparative Study on the Use of Medicinal Plants in Indonesia and Japan: Case Study of Medicinal Plants Production Areas near the Former Royal Capitals” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Tanaka Aki (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Graduate School of Global Studies)

Outline of Research

The study examines Vietnamese literature as it pertains to colonialism in Vietnam, with a focus on the writings of Khái Hưng. Using his novels, short stories, and newspaper articles, I will study the complex social aspects of colonialism that led to the rise of nationalism and the outbreak of the Indochina War. The research will also involve a review of Vietnamese reference material related to the history, politics, and society of Vietnam available in the library of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Kyoto University.

Description

The notable Vietnamese novelist Khái Hưng was a key member of the Self-Reliant Literary Group, which had a strong presence in northern Vietnam in the 1930s and 40s. Khái Hưng was considered as a non-communist patriot executed by the Việt Minh in 1947. Under the current regime in Vietnam, his contributions to the history of Vietnamese literature have been ignored and erased, and therefore there are very few studies of his work. This study examines what Hồ Chí Minh-centric narratives have ignored, such as the remarkable diversity of anti-colonial nationalist movements, through Khái Hưng’s writings.

To gain a more comprehensive understanding of Vietnamese perspectives, more information is needed on the topics of social and colonial conditions, the psychology of young intellectuals, the rise of nationalism, and the struggle for independence. This study will draw such information through the literature of Khái Hưng. The historical periods and events of particular interest are the French colonial period, the Japanese military occupation period, the Declaration of Independence, and the outbreak of the Indochina War.

Journal Justice where Khái Hưng’s short stories from his later years were published. A few photocopies over and over.

A photocopy of Khái Hưng’s photograph kept at the home of Nhất Linh’s son in the United States.

The post VI-2. “The writings of Khái Hưng and Colonialism in Vietnam” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Kang Yangu (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa)

Outline of Research

Raglai people living in Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province, located in South-Central Vietnam, are experiencing a rapid change of livelihood after resettlement in 2005 caused by a government-led dam construction project. Along with this change, the Raglai are transforming sacrificial rituals directed to spirits and ancestors, which are closely related to maintaining their matrilineal descent groups. In examining this transformation, the study investigates what people are trying to achieve through maintaining a matrilineal descent group and sacrifice to ancestor spirits.

Description

The research investigates what the Raglai are trying to achieve through maintaining matrilineal descent groups and sacrifice to ancestor spirits. In Raglai society, the connection among members of a matrilineal descent group is not only by blood, but also constituted by practices such as inheriting ancestor treasure, affinal gift exchange, life rituals, and sacrifice to ancestor spirits. Citing their costly and dangerous nature, however, in 2005 people decided to abolish ancestor-related ritual practices. Despite this, some descent groups continue to occasionally hold rituals for ancestor spirits, seeking protection from calamity and enhancement of production. From these facts, we can assume that the Raglai are trying to increase production through sacrifice. To understand the mechanism of sacrifice that gives the Raglai increased power to produce, the research investigates the local concepts of production and property that underlie the practices of maintaining a matrilineal descent group.

The significance of the research lies in its approach. By investigating the local concepts of production and property to understand the recent transformation of ancestor worship, we can deepen our understanding of how power is conceived. By presenting the Raglai understandings of power and the mechanisms of appropriating it in a form that is comparable with similar practices in other places, the study will contribute to developing a discussion about the concept of power in Southeast Asia. Finally, the research will enable us to see the recent transformation of ancestor worship in the area not as a loss of tradition or representation of ethnic identity, but as a political choice to challenge the source of power. This view will deepen our understanding of the existing tension between the state and ethnic minorities in Vietnam.

A ritual held by a matrilineal descent group

A vase and bowls infused with soul of the dead. They will be inherited over generations as a treasure brought by an ancestor.

The post VI-1. “Maintaining matrilineality: The dynamics of sacrificial rituals in the Raglai society of South-Central Vietnam” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Oda Nara (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, World Language and Society Education Center)

Outline of Research

This study aims to elucidate the historical process in which traditional Vietnamese medicine was formed and penetrated Vietnamese society as an original medical system under the competing influences of Chinese and Western medicine during the 20th century. To this end, it comprehensively describes the structure and history of Vietnamese traditional medicine, tracing how several Vietnamese national powers during the colonial period, the division and unification period, and the period of socio-economic change have “institutionalized” traditional medicine and attempted to incorporate it into the national medical system. It also examines the knowledge and practices that were excluded from this “institutionalization.”

Description

The purpose of publishing this study is to make the long history of traditional medicine in Vietnam widely available for the first time. Specifically, no such historical study exists that discusses the details of both North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) during the period of the north-south division under the Cold War.

Previous studies have explained that traditional Vietnamese medicine, along with the rise of nationalism, resulted from the rivalry between Western medicine, including that used by French colonial powers, and Chinese medicine. However, the situation is more complex. Traditional Vietnamese medicine, which has been incorporated into public medicine, includes both Chinese medicine (thuốc bác) and Vietnamese medicine (thuốc nam). Furthermore, it has been referred to as a variety of Vietnamese names, such as National Medicine (y học dân tôc) Eastern Medicine (đông y), and Traditional Medicine (y học dân tộc). Such complexity cannot be captured by conventional one-line descriptions.

Based on historical materials and interviews, this study clarifies how traditional Vietnamese medicine was established within the medical system, as well as the conceptual changes in traditional Vietnamese medicine throughout the French colonial period, the independence period after 1945 in the North, the period of the north-south division, and in modern Vietnam after the unification in 1976 and after Doi Moi in 1986. This study is novel in that it contrasts with the Vietnam’s official view, which states that “national tradition” has been maintained and protected despite the country’s long history of war and struggle. Additionally, the study surpasses the narrow definition of “medical history,” offering an alternative understanding of the history of Vietnam and thus contributing to the enrichment of Vietnam Area Studies. This book will contribute not only to regional comparisons, but also to the reconsideration of national intervention in medical care, which is being questioned globally, as well as to the debate around people’s trust in medical technology.

A private clinic specializing in traditional medicine in Ho Chi Minh City. The practicioner here trained himself while helping his father who was also a specialist for traditional medicine.

Students studying traditional medicine at Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Many of them in the picture were not familiar with traditional medicine before entering the university.

The post V-2. “The Making of ‘Traditional Medicine’ in the Modern History of Vietnam” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Ikeda Shinya (Ibaraki University, College of Agriculture)

Outline of Research

In developing countries, a rapid retail marketing transformation led by supermarkets and hypermarkets has spurred a tremendous paradigm shift in agriculture, causing concern that agricultural production will decrease if smallholder farmers who rely on traditional indigenous marketing cannot adapt to the changes. This book provides an alternative view by asking how smallholder farmers link to this emerging agricultural value chain. It uncovers a revival of entrepreneurship in Java’s agricultural marketing on the part of smallholders and middlemen through a detailed field survey that examines middlemen in mid- to up-stream segments of distribution channels and by employing econometric methods to analyze the field data.

Description

With the expansion of modern marketing channels—particularly supermarkets and hypermarkets—in developing countries, smallholder participation in agricultural value chains is often viewed in the context of international development. This book offers new perspectives on this phenomenon, concluding that in the emerging marketing paradigm, modern channels should not replace traditional ones, but rather both should be harmonized by utilizing the adaptive nature of smallholders and intermediaries. Our objective for publishing this book in Japanese is to provide insights for scholars, development donors, and even Japanese farmers who engage with the development of this new paradigm.

While similar studies pay attention to the dynamics of middlemen who lead and manage agricultural marketing in developing countries, they rarely examine the various middlemen, including assemblers in rural areas and wholesalers in urban public markets, who play critical roles in this new agricultural marketing paradigm. To overcome the difficulties and complexity of studying roaming middlemen, this study applied an approach that required 1) a long-term field survey to follow middlemen throughout the distribution process and 2) comprehensive analysis of the multitude of dynamic interactions among smallholders and middlemen. Concretely, we combined the field surveys of mid- to up-stream segments of the value chain while at the same time applying analytical frameworks to sales contracts between sellers and buyers in each segment based on development economics.

Smallholder participation in agricultural value chains is an issue for market players not only in developing countries, but also in Japan. Therefore, this book could stimulate international cooperation among stakeholders in Japanese agriculture who apply advanced marketing technology.

A local collector searching tradable vegetables (From survey sites on Cianjur, West Java, the photograph taken by author on September 20th, 2012)

Sorting and processing of vegetables in a warehouse of a supermarket supplier (From survey sites on Bandung, West Java, the photograph taken by author on August 27th,2019)

The post V-1. “The development of traditional marketing: Pasar middlemen and farmers against the supermarket revolution in Indonesia” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.

• Project Leader : Iizuka Noriko (Kyoto University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies)
• Collaborators : Oishi Takanori (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, African Studies Center)
• : Sonoda Koji (Kyoto University, The Center for African Area Studies)
• : Yamaguchi Mikako (Hokkaido University , Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences)
• : Watanabe Takahiro (Tokyo Gakugei University, Graduate School of Education)
• : Kobayashi Mai (Ritsumeikan University, College of Policy Science)
• : Tanaka Ayana (Kyoto University, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies)
• : Seki Yuji (National Museum of Ethnology, Research Department)
• : Yanohara Yushi (Kyoto University, The Center for African Area Studies)
• : Sakamoto Ryota (Kyoto University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies)
• : Nagaoka Shinsuke (Kyoto University, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies)
• : Yumii Mana (BEBERICA Theater and Company)

Outline of Research

In this study, we will conduct workshops in which adults and children learn about a region through performance, which includes the elements of physicality, dialogue, interaction, narrative, and symbolism that are found in the passing down of local knowledge and culture. This year, in addition to conducting the workshops, we will return recorded images of the performances to the indigenous peoples of Canada and exchange opinions on the learning and representation methods of this research.

We also plan to edit a collection of papers, and will propose a model of education that relativizes and complements scientific ways of thinking from the perspective of area studies.

Description

This research creates opportunities for Japanese adults and children to learn about a region through performance and theater. Performance uses the same elements of passing down knowledge—such as physicality, dialogue, interaction, narrative, and symbolism—as those used by Native Canadians, African hunter-gatherers, and others. While area studies have so far been based on academic methods of objective description, this study will elucidate aspects of representation and understanding of an area that emerge in the process of co-creating place through improvisational theater conducted by performers, researchers, and ordinary citizens.

During this year, we continue online programs for children and begin social education for adults while deepening our analysis of the methodology.We will revise the program with the cooperation of local people by returning recorded images of the programs to local communities of indigenous people in Canada. We will compile a collection of articles featuring a series of practices learned in various regions.

The significance of this study is that it opens up the possibility of complementing the analytical and objective approach to area studies with a subjective and integrated approach by learners of various ages. Today, in the field of education, active learning methods are being explored. We will demonstrate how the fundamental ways of passing down wisdom, which can be shown only through area studies, can be regenerated in the field of education.

The expected effects of this study include 1) the expansion of opportunities and methods to demonstrate the achievements of area studies to society, 2) the possibility of collaboration with educational fields such as international cooperation and theater education, and the presentation of new approaches to integrative area studies.

A scene from the online workshop: imitating the scraping fishery of hunter-gatherer Baka Pygmies

Online workshop on the life of Tlingit, Indigenous people in Canada

The post IV-16. “Reconstruction of “local wisdom” through performance: Collaborative research for application to education” (R3 FY2021) first appeared on IPCR.